The European Union

Synopsis

The European Union (EU) stands out as a fascinatingly unique political organisation. On the one hand, it has shown the potential for developing deep and wide-ranging cooperation between member states, going far beyond that found anywhere else in the world. On the other, it is currently in the throes of a phase of profound uncertainty about its viability and future. Showing how and why the EU has developed from 1950 to the present day, this Very Short Introduction covers a range of topics, including the Union's early history, the workings of its institutions and what they do, the interplay between 'eurosceptics' and federalists, and the role of the Union beyond Europe in international affairs and as a peace-keeper. In this fully updated fourth edition, Pinder and Usherwood cover the migrant crisis and the UK's decision to leave the Union, set in the context of a body that is now involved in most areas of public policy. Discussing how the EU continues to draw in new members, they conclude by considering the future of the Union and the choices and challenges that may lie ahead. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Summary

Chapter 1: The Origins and Evolution of the European Union

* Summary: Traces the historical roots of European integration from the Treaty of Paris (1951) to the Lisbon Treaty (2009). Discusses the main institutions and mechanisms that have shaped the EU's development.
* Example: The creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951, which aimed to pool coal and steel production in France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

Chapter 2: The Institutional Framework of the European Union

* Summary: Analyzes the structure and functioning of the EU's key institutions: the European Council, European Parliament, European Commission, Council of Ministers, and European Court of Justice.
* Example: The role of the European Council in setting overall political direction and approving major EU policies, such as the European Green Deal.

Chapter 3: The Single European Market and Economic Integration

* Summary: Explores the development and benefits of the single European market, including the free movement of goods, services, capital, and persons. Discusses the impact on business and economic growth.
* Example: The Schengen Area, which allows for passport-free travel within most EU countries, has facilitated cross-border trade and tourism.

Chapter 4: The European Monetary Union

* Summary: Examines the creation and functioning of the eurozone, including the European Central Bank, monetary policy, and the stability and growth pact. Assesses the challenges and successes of the euro.
* Example: The introduction of the euro in 1999 has reduced transaction costs and price volatility within the eurozone, fostering economic integration.

Chapter 5: The EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy

* Summary: Discusses the development of the EU's diplomatic, security, and defense policies, including the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP).
* Example: The EU's role in mediating the Iran nuclear deal and in imposing sanctions on Russia following its annexation of Crimea.

Chapter 6: The EU's Enlargement and External Relations

* Summary: Analyzes the EU's enlargement process, from the initial six member states to the current 27 members. Explores the EU's relationships with neighboring countries and other international organizations.
* Example: The expansion of the EU to include Eastern European countries after the fall of the Berlin Wall, which has contributed to increased stability and prosperity in the region.

Chapter 7: The Future of the European Union

* Summary: Discusses the challenges and prospects facing the EU, including Brexit, Euroscepticism, and the rise of populism. Explores potential reforms and visions for the future of European integration.
* Example: The ongoing debate about the future of the eurozone, with some countries proposing closer fiscal integration while others advocate for greater autonomy.