logo Wed, 18 Jun 2025 00:37:18 GMT

Real Analysis


Synopsis


Real Analysis is the third volume in the Princeton Lectures in Analysis, a series of four textbooks that aim to present, in an integrated manner, the core areas of analysis. Here the focus is on the development of measure and integration theory, differentiation and integration, Hilbert spaces, and Hausdorff measure and fractals. This book reflects the objective of the series as a whole: to make plain the organic unity that exists between the various parts of the subject, and to illustrate the wide applicability of ideas of analysis to other fields of mathematics and science.


After setting forth the basic facts of measure theory, Lebesgue integration, and differentiation on Euclidian spaces, the authors move to the elements of Hilbert space, via the L2 theory. They next present basic illustrations of these concepts from Fourier analysis, partial differential equations, and complex analysis. The final part of the book introduces the reader to the fascinating subject of fractional-dimensional sets, including Hausdorff measure, self-replicating sets, space-filling curves, and Besicovitch sets. Each chapter has a series of exercises, from the relatively easy to the more complex, that are tied directly to the text. A substantial number of hints encourage the reader to take on even the more challenging exercises.


As with the other volumes in the series, Real Analysis is accessible to students interested in such diverse disciplines as mathematics, physics, engineering, and finance, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels.


Also available, the first two volumes in the Princeton Lectures in Analysis:

Elias M. Stein, Rami Shakarchi

Summary

Chapter 1: The Real Numbers

* Summary: Introduces the fundamental properties of the real numbers, including the ordering, completeness, and field operations.
* Example: The set of rational numbers Q is a field, but it is not complete.

Chapter 2: Sequences and Limits

* Summary: Defines sequences and their limits, using the epsilon-delta definition.
* Example: The sequence 1/n converges to 0 as n approaches infinity.

Chapter 3: Continuity

* Summary: Introduces the concept of continuity for functions, using the epsilon-delta definition.
* Example: The function f(x) = x^2 is continuous at every real number.

Chapter 4: Differentiation

* Summary: Defines the derivative of a function, using the limit definition.
* Example: The derivative of f(x) = x^2 is f'(x) = 2x.

Chapter 5: Applications of the Derivative

* Summary: Explores applications of the derivative, such as finding critical points, extrema, and concavity.
* Example: The critical point x = 0 of the function f(x) = x^3 - 3x is a local maximum.

Chapter 6: Integration

* Summary: Introduces the integral of a function, using the Riemann sum definition.
* Example: The integral of f(x) = x^2 from 0 to 1 is 1/3.

Chapter 7: Applications of the Integral

* Summary: Explores applications of the integral, such as finding volumes and areas.
* Example: The area under the curve of f(x) = x^2 from 0 to 2 is 8/3.

Chapter 8: Sequences and Series

* Summary: Introduces sequences and series of real numbers, and explores their convergence properties.
* Example: The series 1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + ... converges to 2.

Chapter 9: Functions of Several Variables

* Summary: Introduces the concept of functions of several variables, and explores their limits, continuity, and partial derivatives.
* Example: The function f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2 is continuous at every point in the plane.

Chapter 10: Multiple Integrals

* Summary: Introduces multiple integrals, and explores their applications to finding volumes, areas, and other geometric properties.
* Example: The double integral of f(x, y) = x^2 over the rectangle [0, 1] x [0, 1] is 1/3.