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Operation Paperclip


Synopsis


The "remarkable" story of America's secret post-WWII science programs (The Boston Globe), from the New York Times bestselling author of Area 51

In the chaos following World War II, the U.S. government faced many difficult decisions, including what to do with the Third Reich's scientific minds. These were the brains behind the Nazis' once-indomitable war machine. So began Operation Paperclip, a decades-long, covert project to bring Hitler's scientists and their families to the United States.

Many of these men were accused of war crimes, and others had stood trial at Nuremberg; one was convicted of mass murder and slavery. They were also directly responsible for major advances in rocketry, medical treatments, and the U.S. space program. Was Operation Paperclip a moral outrage, or did it help America win the Cold War?

Drawing on exclusive interviews with dozens of Paperclip family members, colleagues, and interrogators, and with access to German archival documents (including previously unseen papers made available by direct descendants of the Third Reich's ranking members), files obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, and dossiers discovered in government archives and at Harvard University, Annie Jacobsen follows more than a dozen German scientists through their postwar lives and into a startling, complex, nefarious, and jealously guarded government secret of the twentieth century.

In this definitive, controversial look at one of America's most strategic, and disturbing, government programs, Jacobsen shows just how dark government can get in the name of national security.

"Harrowing...How Dr. Strangelove came to America and thrived, told in graphic detail." -Kirkus Reviews

Summary

Chapter 1: The Genesis of Operation Paperclip

* Summary: The chapter explores the origins of Operation Paperclip, a secret US program to recruit German scientists after World War II. It traces the program's roots to the fear of Soviet scientific dominance and the need for expertise in rocketry, nuclear technology, and other advanced fields.
* Example: Wernher von Braun, the German rocket scientist who played a key role in the American space program, was one of the first recruits of Operation Paperclip.

Chapter 2: The Scientists and Their Recruitment

* Summary: The chapter profiles the scientists targeted by Operation Paperclip, including their motivations, backgrounds, and experiences during the war. It describes the methods used to identify and recruit these scientists, including covert operations and psychological screening.
* Example: Klaus Barbie, a notorious Nazi war criminal, was recruited by the US as part of Operation Paperclip due to his anti-communist credentials.

Chapter 3: The Embrace of Nazi Collaborators

* Summary: The chapter examines the controversy surrounding Operation Paperclip's recruitment of Nazi collaborators. It highlights the moral and ethical questions raised by hiring individuals with ties to Nazi atrocities.
* Example: Arthur Rudolph, a Nazi engineer who oversaw the use of forced labor at the Mittelwerk factory, was brought to the US and worked on the Saturn V rocket that took astronauts to the moon.

Chapter 4: The Scientific Legacy

* Summary: The chapter assesses the scientific contributions of the Operation Paperclip recruits. It explores their impact on the development of space exploration, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and other technologies.
* Example: Von Braun's expertise in rocketry was instrumental in the Apollo program, which landed humans on the moon.

Chapter 5: The Psychological Impact

* Summary: The chapter examines the psychological consequences of Operation Paperclip for both the scientists and the American government. It discusses the guilt, shame, and denial experienced by those involved in the program.
* Example: Former Paperclip scientist Wernher von Braun faced persistent accusations of war crimes and had to defend his role in the Nazi regime.

Chapter 6: The End of Paperclip and Its Legacy

* Summary: The chapter traces the decline and termination of Operation Paperclip. It explores the factors that led to the program's end, including public backlash, congressional investigations, and the normalization of relations with Germany.
* Example: The last Paperclip scientist, Konrad Kwiet, was denied US citizenship in 1994 due to his Nazi past.

Chapter 7: The Lessons of Paperclip

* Summary: The chapter reflects on the lessons learned from Operation Paperclip. It discusses the ethical challenges of recruiting scientists with dubious pasts, the importance of transparency, and the need for a balanced approach to scientific research.
* Example: The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum has been criticized for ignoring the Nazi connections of some of its exhibits, highlighting the ongoing need to confront the historical legacy of Operation Paperclip.