On Friendship

Synopsis

Cicero's essay On Friendship (Laelius de Amicitia) is of interest as much for the light it sheds on Roman society as for its embodiment of ancient philosophical views on the subject of friendship. The Dream of Scipio (Somnium Scipionis) was excerpted in late antiquity from Cicero's De Republica, a dialogue in six books which now only survives in fragmentary form. In the excerpt, which probably formed the conclusion to the dialogue, Cicero describes his vision of the cosmos and the rewards of immortality that the good statesman can expect after death. This work is particularly important for its influence on later literature in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

Both dialogues are example of the best of Ciceronian prose. They are presented in this volume in the context of Cicero's philosophical writing. Their place in ancient thought and their literary characteristics are discussed fully in the introduction, while individual points of interpretation are dealt with in the commentary. There is a separate appendix of notes on textual points. Latin text with facing-page English translation, introduction and commentary.

Summary

Chapter 1: The Nature of Friendship

* Aristotle defines friendship as a "perfect virtue" that involves mutual affection, respect, and support.
* True friends share similar values, interests, and experiences.
* Example: Two close friends who regularly engage in deep conversations, share hobbies, and support each other through challenges.

Chapter 2: The Benefits of Friendship

* Friendship provides companionship, emotional support, and a sense of belonging.
* Friends can help us learn, grow, and achieve our goals.
* Example: A friend who encourages you to pursue your dreams, provides advice, and celebrates your successes.

Chapter 3: The Types of Friendship

* Aristotle identifies three types of friendship:
* Friendship of Utility: Based on reciprocal benefit
* Friendship of Pleasure: Founded on shared enjoyment
* Friendship of the Good: Based on shared values and mutual respect
* Example: A friendship between colleagues (utility); a friendship between neighbors (pleasure); a friendship between siblings (good).

Chapter 4: The Importance of Character

* Friendship requires virtuous characters.
* Friends must be trustworthy, loyal, and considerate.
* Example: A friend who is always there for you, keeps your secrets, and respects your boundaries.

Chapter 5: The Cultivation of Friendship

* Friendship is not static; it must be nurtured and cultivated.
* Friends should communicate openly, express appreciation, and engage in meaningful activities together.
* Example: Two friends who make a conscious effort to schedule regular get-togethers, share their thoughts and feelings, and support each other's ambitions.

Chapter 6: The Challenges of Friendship

* Friendships can face challenges, such as conflict, distance, and life changes.
* It is important to communicate effectively, resolve conflicts respectfully, and adapt to changing circumstances.
* Example: Two friends who navigate a disagreement by listening to each other's perspectives, seeking common ground, and making compromises.

Chapter 7: The End of Friendship

* Friendships can end for various reasons, such as betrayal, incompatibility, or death.
* It is crucial to grieve the loss of a friendship while reflecting on what was gained and learned.
* Example: A friend who breaks your trust, leading to a painful but ultimately necessary end to your friendship.

Chapter 8: The Legacy of Friendship

* True friendships leave a lasting impact on us.
* They shape our values, inspire us to become better, and provide comfort in challenging times.
* Example: A lifelong friendship that continues to inspire and support both parties, even after one friend passes away.